Use of the Hemacytometer for the Determination of Cell Numbers





	Counting cells by the use of a hemacytometer is a convenient 

and practical method of determining cell numbers in the case that the 

Coulter counter is out-of-order temporarily.  (It is not that bad.)   

The hemacytometer consists of two chambers, each of which is divided 

into nine 1.0 mm squares.    A cover glass is supported 0.1 mm over 

these squares so that the total volume over each square is 

1.0 mm x 0.1 mm or 0.1 mm3, or 10-4 cm3.  Since 1 cm3 is approximately 

equivalent to 1 ml, the cell concentration per ml  will be the average 

count per square x 104. 



Hemacytometer counts are subject to the following sources of error:

1.  Unequal cell distribution in the sample

2.  Improper filling of chambers (too much or too little)

3.  Failure to adopt a convention for counting cells  in contact with             

the boundaries lines or with each other (be consistent)

4.  Statistical error



With careful attention to detail, the overall error can be reduced to 

about 15%.  It is assumed that the total volume in the chamber represents 

a random sample.  This will not be a valid assumption unless the 

suspension consists of individual well-separated cells.

Cell distribution in the hemacytometer chamber depends on the particle 

number, not particle mass.  Thus, cell clumps will distribute in the 

same way as single cells and can distort the result.  Unless 90% or more 

of the cells are free from contact with other cells, the count should be 

repeated with a new sample.   A sample will not be representative if the 

cells are allowed to settle before a sample is taken.   Always mix the 

cell suspension thoroughly before sampling.  

The cell suspension should be diluted so that each such square  

has between 20 - 50 cells (2-5 x 10 5  cells/ml).  A total of  

300 - 400 cells should be counted, since the counting error is approximated 

by the square root of the total count.   A common convention  is to 

count cells that touch the middle lines (of the triple lines) to the 

left and top of the square, but do not count cells similarly located  

to the right and bottom. 

Hemacytometer counts do not distinguish between living and dead cells.  

A number of stains are useful to make this distinction.  Trypan blue 

among others  (Erythrosin B, Nigrosin) can be used: the nuclei of damaged 

or dead cells take up the stain.  If more than 20% of the nuclei are 

stained, the result is probably  significant.  Although the trypan stain 

distinction has been questioned, it is simple and gives a good approximation.



Materials

1.  Clean hemacytometer and cover glass, or cover slips

2.  Pasteur Pipets or Transfer Pipets

3.  Balanced Salt Solution (BBS) or PBS

4.  Trypan blue, 0.4% in BBS (or PBS)

5.  Microscope

5.  Tubes

6.  Hand counter (Colony counter can be used)

7.  Cell suspension  



Procedure

1.  Dilute 0.2 ml of Trypan blue with 0.8 ml of BBS.

2.  Place cover glass over hemacytometer chamber.

3.  Transfer 0.5  ml of agitated cell suspension  to a 15 ml tube 

and add 0.5 ml of diluted trypan blue.

4. With a Pasteur or transfer pipet, fill both chambers of the 

hemacytometer (without overflow) by capillary action.  Cells will 

settle in the tube and in the pipet by gravity within a few seconds.  

Work quickly.

5.  Using the microscope with a 10X ocular (and a 10X objective), 

count the cells in each of  10 squares (1 mm2 each).  If over 10% of 

the cells represent clumps, repeat entire sequence.  If fewer than 

200 or more than 500 cells are present in the 10 squares, repeat with 

a more suitable dilution factor.

6.  Calculate the number of cells per ml, and the total number of 

cells,  in the original culture as follows:

Cells/ml = average count per square x 104

Total cells = cells per ml X any dilution factor X total volume of 

cell preparation from which the sample was taken.

7.  Repeat count to check reproducibility (+/- 15%).



References

1.  Berkson, J., T. B. Magath and M. Hurn (1939).  Am. J. Physiol. 128, 309.

2.  Sanford. K.K., W.R. Earle, V.J. Evans, H.K. Waltz and J.E. Shannon (1951).

3.  Absher, M. in Tissue Culture Methods and Applications, Eds. Kruse, P.F. and 

Patterson, M.K., Jr. Academic Press, N.Y., 1973, p.395.